This volume includes five chapters that describe recent advances in nanotechnology research. Chapter One summarizes the progress that has been made in the past five years in the field of electrochemical sensing using nanomaterial-based electrodes and modified electrochemical platforms for the determination of drugs, enzymes, cancer markers, hormones, nucleic acids, vitamins, and different environmental pollutants such as pesticides, chemical warfare reagents, phenolic compounds, heavy metal ions and other inorganic anions. Chapter Two reviews the modification of a semiconductor’s surface by metal nanostructures by galvanic replacement method. Chapter Three explores the influence of stoichiometry over the electronic structure of vanadium oxides in terms of V-V and V-O orbitals hybridization and highlights the spectroscopic trends. Chapter Four employs electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, potentiodynamic polarization and salt spray tests to investigate the anticorrosive properties of nanocomposite coatings. Lastly, Chapter Five investigates the potential of electrospun nanofibers capable of chromium (VI) removal in wastewater treatment.