This book provides a systematic study of three foundational issues
in the semantics of natural language that have been relatively
neglected in the past few decades.
* focuses on the formal characterization of intensions, the
nature of an adequate type system for natural language semantics,
and the formal power of the semantic representation language
* proposes a theory that offers a promising framework for
developing a computational semantic system sufficiently expressive
to capture the properties of natural language meaning while
remaining computationally tractable
* written by two leading researchers and of interest to students
and researchers in formal semantics, computational linguistics,
logic, artificial intelligence, and the philosophy of language
表中的内容
Preface.
1. Introduction.
1.1 Montague’s Intensional Logic.
1.2 Architectural Features of IL.
1.3 Structure of the Book.
2. Alternative Approaches to Fine-Grained Intensionality.
2.1 An Algebraic Representation of Possible Worlds
Semantics.
2.2 Two Strategies for Hyperintensionalism.
2.3 Thomason’s Intentional Logic.
2.4 Bealer’s Intensional Logic.
2.5 Structured Meanings and Interpreted Logical Forms.
2.6 Landman’s Data Semantics.
2.7 Situation Semantics and Infon Algebras.
2.8 Situations as Partial Models.
2.9 Topos Semantics.
2.10 Conclusion.
3 Intensions as Primitives.
3.1 A Simple Intensional Theory.
3.2 Types and Sorts.
3.3 Abstraction and Application.
3.4 PT: An Untyped Theory.
3.5 Intensionality in FIL and PTCT.
3.6 Conclusions.
4. A Higher-Order, Fine-Grained Intensional Logic.
4.1 Introduction.
4.2 Fine-Grained Intensional Logic.
4.3 A Semantics for FIL.
4.4 Conclusion.
5. Property Theory with Curry Typing.
5.1 PTCT: A Curry-Typed Theory.
5.2 PTCT: Syntax of the basic theory.
5.3 A Proof Theory for PTCT.
5.4 Example Proof.
5.5 Intensional Identity v. Extensional Equivalence.
5.6 Extending the Type System.
5.7 A Model Theory for PTCT.
5.8 Types and Properties.
5.9 Separation Types and Internal Type Judgements.
5.10 Truth as a Type.
5.11 Conclusion.
6. Number Theory and Cardinaltiy.
6.1 Proportional Cardinality Quantifiers.
6.2 Peano Arithmetic.
6.3 Number Theory in FIL.
6.4 Proportional Generalized Quantifiers in FIL.
6.5 Number Theory in PTCT.
6.6 Proportional Generalized Quantifiers in PTCT.
6.7 Presburger Arithmetic.
6.8 Presburger Arithmetic in PTCT.
6.9 Conclusions.
7. Anaphora and Ellipsis.
7.1 A Type-Theoretical Approach to Anaphora.
7.2 Ellipsis in PTCT.
7.3 Comparison with Other Type-Theoretical Approaches.
7.4 Conclusion.
8. Underspecified Interpretations.
8.1 Underspecified Representations.
8.2 Comparison with Other Theories.
8.3 Conclusion.
9. Expressive Power and Formal Strength.
9.1 Decidability and Completeness.
9.2 Arguments For Higher-Order Theories.
9.3 Arguments Against Higher-Order Theories.
9.4 Self-application, Stratification and Impredicativity.
9.5 First-Order Status and Finite Cardinality.
9.6 Relevance of PTCT to Computational Semantics.
9.7 Conclusions.
10. Conclusions.
10.1 Montague Semantics and the Architecture of Semantic
Theory.
10.2 Algebraic Semantics and Fine-Grained Alternatives to
MS.
10.3 A Conservative Revision of MS.
10.4 Enriching Property Theory with Curry Typing.
10.5 An Intensional Number Theory.
10.6 A Dynamic Type-Theoretic Account of Anaphora and
Ellipsis.
10.7 Underspecified Interpretations as _-Terms of the
Representation Language.
10.8 PTCT and Computational Semantics: Directions for Future
Work.
Bibliography.
Author Index.
Subject Index.
关于作者
Chris Fox is a Reader in the Department of Computer Science
at the University of Essex. In addition to numerous papers, his
previous publications in the area of computational semantics
include The Ontology of Language: Properties, Individuals, and
Discourse (2000).
Shalom Lappin is Professor of Computer Science at
King’s College, London. He has published extensively on
issues in computational linguistics and formal grammar, and his
books include Local Constraints vs. Economy (with David
Johnson, 1999), Fragments: Studies in Ellipsis and
Gapping (edited with Elabbas Benmamoun, 1999), and The
Handbook of Contemporary Semantic Theory (edited, Blackwell,
1996).