In our age of ecological disaster, this book joins the growing philosophical literature on vegetable life to ask how our present debates about biopower and animal studies change if we take plants as a linchpin for thinking about biopolitics. Logically enough, the book uses animal studies as a way into the subject, but it does so in unexpected ways. Upending critical approaches of biopolitical regimes, it argues that it is plants rather than animals that are the forgotten and abjected forms of life under humanist biopower. Indeed, biopolitical theory has consistently sidestepped the issue of vegetable life, and more recently, has been outright hostile to it. Provocatively, Jeffrey T. Nealon wonders whether animal studies, which has taken the ‘inventor’ of biopower himself to task for speciesism, has not misread Foucault, thereby managing to extend humanist biopower rather than to curb its reach. Nealon is interested in how and why this is the case. Plant Theory turns to several other thinkers of the high theory generation in an effort to imagine new futures for the ongoing biopolitical debate.
Daftar Isi
Contents and Abstracts
0
Preface: Plant Theory?
chapter abstract
The Preface discusses biopolitical discourse’s strange elision of vegetable life (especially within Animal Studies), and suggests that if we really do want to take the discussion of life and power beyond the human, we might want to look at vegetable life as well. Likewise, the preface argues that Foucault, Derrida, and Deleuze & Guattari are privileged sites for thinking about vegetable life.
1
The First Birth of Biopower: From Plant to Animal Life in Foucault
chapter abstract
Chapter 1 looks at the ‘first birth of biopower’ in Michel Foucault’s 1966 The Order of Things. There Foucault suggests, contra Animal Studies, that it is not the animal who is the ‘other’ of the biopolitical human, but the plant. In the turn to ‘life’ as a kind of obsessive topic in the humanities in the early 19th century, the animal took over from the plant as the primary marker for what all life is, and how human life works (as infinite ‘animal’ desire). This Chapter then goes on to examine critically Giorgio Agamben’s work on Foucault.
2
Thinking Plants, with Aristotle and Heidegger
chapter abstract
Chapter 2 examines the philosophical background for the turn to ‘life’ in contemporary theory, focusing its reading especially on Aristotle’s De Anima and Heidegger’s The Fundamental Concepts of Metaphysics: World, Finitude, Solitude. The chapter looks closely at what these foundational thinkers have to say about vegetable life, and how it relates to their thinking on human and animal life.
3
Animal and Plant, Life and World in Derrida; or, The Plant and the Sovereign
chapter abstract
Chapter 3 takes up Derrida’s work on animality, and focuses on his strange elision of plant life within his extensive interrogation of animal life. Several times Derrida brings up the status of vegetable life within the discourse of animality, but each and every time he simply passes over offering a sustained analysis of plant life. By backtracking from his work on animality to his 1974 Glas, this chapter tries to suture that gap in Derrida’s work. This chapter concludes by arguing that Derrida’s work on emergence (physis, Walten) is the key to thinking about vegetable life in his work, and offers a challenge to the charge of ‘correlationism’ leveled against deconstruction.
4
From the World to the Territory: Vegetable Life in Deleuze and Guattari; or, What is a Rhizome?
chapter abstract
Chapter 4 highlights Deleuze and Guattari’s attempts, following Simondon, to think ‘life’ outside the individual organism, thereby offering us a more robust and distributed notion of life (and death) as a kind of mesh or swarm of forms of life, rather than an individual organism striving to maintain its life at all costs. Going forward, I suggest this may be the only way to think about ‘life’ in a world facing ecological disaster.
5
What Difference Does It Make?
chapter abstract
The Coda suggests the myriad ways that taking vegetable life seriously as a form of life would change current debates about the fate of the human. Plants are of course the basis of the food chain on land and in the sea, and if one is concerned about the neoliberal corporate patenting of life, this chapter suggests that one look closely at the plant kingdom, where it’s already happened.
Tentang Penulis
Jeffrey T. Nealon is the Edwin Erle Sparks Professor of English and Philosophy at Pennsylvania State University.
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