In ‘The History of Peter the Great, Emperor of Russia, ‘ Voltaire presents a nuanced and engaging narrative that traverses the life of one of history’s most influential monarchs. Written in the Enlightenment style, the book employs a blend of anecdote, satire, and historical analysis to examine Peter’s reforms, military conquests, and the transformative ambitions that reshaped Russia into a European power. Voltaire’s characteristic wit and eloquence illuminate the complexities of Peter’s character and his drive to modernize his empire against a backdrop of superstitions and traditionalism, effectively situating the work within contemporary debates about governance and progress. Voltaire, a luminary of the Enlightenment, was deeply influenced by the prevailing philosophies of rationality, empiricism, and human rights. His experiences in the courts of Europe and sharp critiques of arbitrary rule undoubtedly informed his portrayal of Peter the Great, as the author grappled with the delicate balance between autocratic power and the aspirations of modernity. Having witnessed the upheaval of the French court, Voltaire cleverly juxtaposes despotism with Enlightenment ideals, inviting readers to reflect on the nature of authority. This compelling biography is not only a historical account but also a timeless reflection on leadership and governance. Recommended for scholars and general readers alike, Voltaire’s work offers profound insights into the ambition and complexities of one man’s vision for an empire, deftly intertwining historical rigor with philosophical inquiry.