This book presents a comprehensive review of recent advances in animal science and zoology research. Chapters included in this volume: Biomarkers of Thermal Adaptation: New Tools in Sustainable Livestock Production under Climate Change; studies of spatial ecology of mammals in which non-invasive methods were used (including mapping of scats, latrines, snow-tracking, scent stations, collecting feces and using remote cameras); the geographic distribution, general characteristics, social organization, communication, eating habits, behavior and illegal trade of Capuchin monkeys; data about helminths endoparasites of Brazilian bats as well as their hosts and infection sites; the obligate intracellular parasite that infects mononuclear leukocytes; key clinical, epidemiological and diagnostic methods for cryptosporidiosis in birds; a presentation of the main habitats where sand flies can be found in some of Brazil’s leishmaniasis-endemic regions; a discussion on the morphophysiology of tarantula spider hemolytes and bioactive molecules isolated from hemocytes and hemolymph; the results of studies on cryptosporidiosis in reptiles and their importance to veterinary medicine and public health; recent zooarchaeological data from several sites of the northern Maya area; the importance of water sources in the epidemiology of certain protozoans and the preservation of animal genetic resources, by obtaining insemination doses of semen free of reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) from three genetically valuable lines of boars.