Gang Wang & Chengyi Hou 
Flexible and Wearable Electronics for Smart Clothing [PDF ebook] 

PREFACE
PART I SENSING
1 WEARABLE ORGANIC NANO-SENSORS,
1.2 Wearable organic sensors based on different device architectures 4
1.2.1 Resistor based Sensors 5
1.2.1.1 Definitions and important parameters 5
1.2.1.2 Materials and applications 5
1.2.2 Organic Field Effect Transistor based Sensors 13
1.2.2.1 Definitions and important parameters 13
1.2.2.2 Strategy and applications 13
1.2.3 Electrochemical Sensors 20
1.2.3.1 Definitions and important parameters 20
1.2.3.2 Strategy and applications 20
1.2.4 Diode based Sensors 23
1.2.4.1 Definitions and important parameters 23
1.2.4.2 Strategy and applications 24
1.2.5 Other devices and system integration 25
1.3 Summary and perspective 29
Reference 30
2 STIMULI-RESPONSIVE ELECTRONIC SKINS,
2.1 Introduction 37
2.2 Materials for Electronic Skins 37
2.2.1 Liquid metals 38
2.2.2 Hydrogels 39
2.2.3 Ionogels 41
2.2.4 Elastomers 42
2.2.5 Conductive polymers 42
2.2.6 Inorganic materials 43
2.3 Stimuli-responsive behaviors 45
2.3.1 Electrical signals in response to environmental stimuli 45
2.3.2 Stimuli-responsive self-healing 48
2.3.3 Stimuli-responsive optical appearances 50
2.3.4 Stimuli-responsive actuations 52
2.3.5 Improved processability based on the stimuli-responsive behaviors 53
2.4 Mechanism understanding for stimuli-responsive materials applied for electronic skins 54
2.5 Conclusion 59
References 60
3 FLEXIBLE THERMOELECTRICS AND THERMOELECTRIC TEXTILES,
3.1 Introduction 68
3.2 Thermoelectricity and Thermoelectric Materials 68
3.3 Thermoelectric Generators 73
3.4 Wearable Thermoelectric Generators for Smart Clothing 75
3.4.1 Flexible Thermoelectric 77
3.4.2 Organic thermoelectric materials related 80
3.4.3 Carbon-based thermoelectric materials related 81
3.4.4 Fiber and Textile Related Thermoelectrics 83
3.5 Prospects and Challenges 87
References 89
PART II ENERGY
4 TEXTILE TRIBOELECTRIC NANOGENERATORS FOR ENERGY HARVESTING
4.1 Introduction 98
4.2 Fundamentals of triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) 99
4.2.2 Four working modes 101
4.2.3 Materials for TENGs 102
4.3 Progresses of textile TENGs 103
4.3.1 Materials for textile TENGs 103
4.3.2 Fabrication processes for textile TENGs 104
4.3.3 Structures of textile TENGs 106
4.3.4 Washing capability 114
4.3.5 Self-charging power textiles 115
4.4 Conclusions and perspectives 116
References 117
5 FLEXIBLE AND WEARABLE SOLAR CELLS AND SUPERCAPACITORS,
5.1 Introduction 120
5.2 Flexible and Wearable Solar Cells 120
5.2.1 Flexible and Wearable Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells 121
5.2.2 Flexible and Wearable Polymer Solar Cells 127
5.2.3 Flexible and Wearable Perovskite Solar Cells 137
5.2.4 Flexible and Wearable Supercapacitors 146
5.2.5 Flexible and Wearable electric double-layer capacitors (EDLCs) 150
5.2.6 Flexible and Wearable Pseudocapacitor 154
5.2.7 Integrated Solar Cells and Supercapacitors 159
5.3 Conclusions and Outlook 164
Acknowledgements 165
References 166
6 FLEXIBLE AND WEARABLE LITHIUM-ION BATTERIES,
6.1 Introduction 183
6.2 Typical lithium-ion batteries 183
6.3 Electrodes materials for flexible lithium-ion batteries 185
6.3.1 Three-dimensional (3D) electrodes 185
6.3.2 Two-dimensional (2D) electrodes 187
6.3.3 One-dimensional (1D) electrodes 197
6.4 Flexible lithium-ion batteries based on electrolytes 199
6.4.1 Liquid-state electrolytes 199
6.4.2 Solid-state electrolytes 202
6.5 Inactive materials and components of flexible LIBs 207
6.5.1 Separators 207
6.5.2 Casing/packaging 212
6.5.3 Current collectors 214
6.5.4 Electrode additive materials 215
6.6 Conclusions and prospects 216
References 218
PART III INTERACTING
7 THERMAL AND HUMID MANAGEMENT FOR NEXT-GENERATION TEXTILES
7.1 Introduction 231
7.2 Passive smart materials 232
7.3 Energy harvest materials 238
7.4 Active smart materials 245
7.5 Conclusion 249
References 249
8 FUNCTIONALIZATION OF FIBER MATERIALS FOR WASHABLE SMART WEARABLE TEXTILES
8.1 Introduction 253
8.1.1 Conductive textiles 253
8.1.2 Waterproof conductive textiles 254
8.1.3 Washable conductive textiles

Gang Wang is a Professor of materials science and engineering, at State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, Donghua University (DHU) from the Program for Professor of Special Appointment (Eastern Scholar) at Shanghai Institutions of Higher Learning. He is a joint-Ph.D between Donghua University and Georgia Institute of Technology. From 2016-2019, he worked as postdoc at Northwestern University (USA) with Prof. Tobin J Marks and Prof. Antonio Facchetti. His current research interests include multiscale alignment of flexible semiconductor materials, shear print strategy and instruments, andt The applications of electro-fibers in soft robotics and smart fabrics. He has been published first author/corresponding in international peer-reviewed journals such as PNAS, JACS, Nature Communications, Angewandte Chemie, Advanced Energy Materials, and ACS Nano in the past 3 years. He has 7 Chinese Invention Patents to his name, edited one book on soft electronics (Wiley-VCH), and served as organizer and invited speakers in ACS National Conferences amongst other things.
Chengyi Hou is Associate Professor of materials science and engineering, at State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, Donghua University (DHU), under DHU Distinguished Young Professor Program. He received his Ph.D. degree at the department of materials science and engineering, Donghua University in 2014. He worked as a Marie Curie Postdoc at the department of chemistry, Technical University of Denmark from 2015 to 2017. He has engaged in the development of innovative methods and experimental approaches to address the key scientific and technical challenges related to scalable synthesis, processing, and assembly of nanomaterial-based soft electronics. He has explored the potential applications of a series of nanomaterials as electronic skin, micro-reactors, artificial muscle and three-dimensional biological scaffolds. He has published over 40 peer-review journal articles, with several publications on Science Advances, Nature Communications, Advanced Materials, Advanced Functional Materials, amongst others.
Hongzhi Wang is Professor of materials science and engineering, at State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, Donghua University. He received his Ph.D in 1998 at Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences. From 2000 to 2005, he worked as postdocr at Micro-space Chemistry Lab., National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) in Japan. In 2005, he joined Donghua University as a Full Professor . His main research topics are devoted to macroscopic-ordered 2D materials, flexible materials for wearable applications, functional fibers and textiles, and smart clothing. He has published over 200 papers in international peer-review journals, and granted over 80 patents, two of which have been commercialized in functional fiber industry in China.