In this book, one of the pioneers of twentieth century African history examines the perceptions and responses of Africans to European colonialism of the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. This edition of Boahen’s text, originally published in 1989, is contextualized in a new foreword by John Lonsdale, updating some of Boahen’s findings and interpretations while maintaining that the ‘best, totally unambiguous, legacy of this republication would surely be the inspiration of a new generation of African scholars, locally based, as clear-minded and outspoken as Adu Boahen himself.’