Ian F. Alexander & Neil Maiden 
Scenarios,  Stories, Use Cases [PDF ebook] 
Through the Systems Development Life-Cycle

Preface xiii

Biographies and Photographs xvii

Part I Overview

Chapter 1 Introduction: Scenarios in System Development

Context 3

Through the Life Cycle 17

Types of System 18

Scenarios for Systems—Not Necessarily Software 19

The Way Ahead 21

Keywords 21

References 21

Recommended Reading 22

Chapter 2 Scenario-based Approaches

Overview: The Crews Scenario Framework 25

The Framework 26

The Scenario Approaches Described in this Book 28

Conclusion 32

Keywords 32

References 32

Part II Scenarios Through the System Life-cycle: Techniques

Chapter 3 Scenarios in Requirements Discovery

Applicability 39

Position in the Life Cycle 40

Key Features 40

Strengths 40

Weaknesses 41

What Is a Requirements Scenario? 41

From Scenarios to Atomic Requirements 51

Keeping Track of the Investigation 54

Who Produces the Scenarios? 54

Techniques for Building Scenarios 55

When to Use Scenarios 58

Keywords 59

References 59

Chapter 4 Scenarios for Innovation: Developing Scenario-based User Needs Analysis (Suna)

Applicability 61

Position in the Life Cycle 62

Key Features 62

Strengths and Weaknesses 63

Technique 64

Worked Example 73

Comparisons 77

Keywords 79

References 79

Recommended Readings 79

Chapter 5 Running a Use Case/scenario Workshop

Applicability 81

Position in the Life Cycle 82

Key Features 82

Strengths 83

Weaknesses 84

Technique 85

Worked Example 93

Comparisons 99

Keywords 100

References 100

Recommended Reading 101

Chapter 6 Alternative World Scenarios to Assess Requirement Stability

Applicability 103

Position in the Life Cycle 104

Key Features 104

Strengths 104

Weaknesses 104

Technique 105

Worked Example 110

Comparisons 115

Keywords 116

References 116

Recommended Reading 117

Chapter 7 Cases Negative Scenarios and Misuse

Applicability 119

Roles in the Life Cycle 119

Key Features 120

Strengths 120

Weaknesses 120

Technique 120

Worked Example 128

Comparisons 131

Keywords 138

References 138

Recommended Reading 139

Chapter 8 Authoring Use Cases

Applicability 141

Position in the Life Cycle 141

Key Features 142

Strengths 143

Weaknesses 143

Technique 143

Comparisons 158

Keywords 159

References 159

Recommended Reading 160

Chapter 9 Systematic Scenario Walkthroughs with Art-scene

Position in the Life Cycle 161

Applicability 161

Key Features 162

Strengths 162

Weaknesses 162

The Art-Scene Process and Environment 162

Art-Scene’s Research Provenance 163

The Art-Scene Approach 164

The Structure and Representation of an Art-Scene Scenario 164

The Art-Scene Software Environment 166

Facilitating Scenario Walkthroughs 171

The Scenario Workshop Environment 173

Worked Example 173

Comparisons 176

Keywords 177

References 177

Recommended Reading 178

Chapter 10 The role of scenarios In Contextual Design: From User Observations to Work Redesign To Use Cases

Applicability 180

Position in the Life Cycle 180

Key Features 181

Strengths 181

Weaknesses 185

Technique 185

Techniques and Worked Example 186

Lessons Learnt 205

Comparisons 206

Keywords 207

References 207

Recommended Readings 208

Chapter 11 A Scenario-based Design Method for Human-centred Interaction Design

Overview 211

Applicability 211

Position in the Life Cycle 212

Key Features 212

Strengths 213

Weaknesses 213

The Method 213

Other Artifacts in the Method 218

Processes of the Method 220

Summary 223

Worked Example 224

User Story 225

Comparisons 232

Acknowledgements 233

Keywords 234

References 234

Recommended Reading 234

Chapter 12 Use Case-based Software Development

Applicability 237

Position in the Life Cycle 238

Key Features 238

Strengths 238

Weaknesses 238

Technique and Worked Example 239

Summary and Comparisons 262

Keywords 263

References 263

Recommended Reading 264

Chapter 13 User Stories in Agile Software Development

Applicability 265

Applicability II—Why User Stories? 266

Position in Life Cycle 267

Key Features 267

Strengths 268

Weaknesses 268

Technique 269

Worked Example 275

Comparisons 278

Keywords 279

References 279

Recommended Reading 279

Chapter 14 Use Cases, Test Cases

Applicability 281

Position in the Life Cycle 281

Key Features 282

Strengths 282

Weaknesses 282

Background: The V-Model 283

Technique 284

Worked Example 290

Comparisons 296

Keywords 297

References 297

Recommended Reading 298

Chapter 15 Project Stories: Combining Life-cycle Process Models

Applicability 299

Position in the Life Cycle 299

Key Features 300

Strengths 300

Weaknesses 300

Technique 300

Conclusion 323

Keywords 324

References 324

Recommended Reading 324

Part III Scenarios in Action: Case Studies

Chapter 16 Story Use and Reuse in Automotive Systems Engineering

Type of Project 329

Applicability 329

Position in the Life Cycle 330

Roles Played by Scenarios 330

Strengths 330

Weaknesses 330

Introduction 330

Automotive Software Development 331

Stories in Automotive Software Development 334

Lessons Learnt 342

Keywords 345

References 346

Chapter 17 Systems Use and Misuse Cases in Railway

A: Use Cases for Train Control Requirements Discovery 347

Type of Project 347

Applicability 348

Position in the Life Cycle 348

Roles Played by Scenarios 348

Strengths 348

Weaknesses 348

Case Study 349

Methods and Tools 350

Approach 350

Lessons Learnt 352

Keywords 353

B: Misuse Cases for a Seats Trade-Off 354

Type of Project 354

Applicability 354

Position in the Life Cycle 354

Roles Played by Scenarios 354

Strengths 355

Weaknesses 355

Case Study 355

Lessons Learnt 360

Summary 361

Keywords 362

References 362

Chapter 18 Scenarios in Air Traffic Control (ATC)

Applicability 363

Roles in the Life Cycle 364

Key Features 364

Strengths 364

Weaknesses 365

Background 366

Results 372

Keywords 376

References 376

Chapter 19 Scenarios and Quality Requirements in Telecommunications

Type of Project 379

Applicability 379

Position in the Life Cycle 380

Roles Played by Scenarios 380

Strengths 380

Weaknesses 380

Case Study 381

Lessons Learnt 389

Acknowledgements 391

Keywords 391

References 391

Chapter 20 Scenarios in Rail Rolling Stock with Reveal

Applicability 393

Position in the Life Cycle 394

Key Features 394

Strengths 394

Weaknesses 395

Case Study 396

Lessons Learnt 408

Keywords 409

References 409

Chapter 21 Evaluating Scenarios by Simulation

Type of Project 411

Applicability 412

Position in the Life Cycle 412

Roles Played by Scenarios 412

Strengths 412

Weaknesses 412

Case Study 413

Lessons Learnt 425

Keywords 426

References 426

Part IV The Way Ahead

Chapter 22 Putting Scenarios Into Practice

Which Kind of Scenario, When? 431

Which Scenario Technique, When? Conclusions from Part 2 432

Who, and Why? 435

Scenarios Everywhere? 436

How Does Project Scale Affect Scenario Usage? 437

Into Practice: Conclusions from the Part 3 Case Studies 439

Do Scenarios Replace Requirements? 440

Getting Started 443

Keywords 444

References 444

Chapter 23 Teaching Computer Scientists To Make Use

Challenges in Teaching Students to Make Use 445

Comparisons—Scenarios for Making Use 446

Using Cases to Teach Scenario-Based Usability Engineering 449

Strengths and Weaknesses 458

Discussion and Future Directions 459

Acknowledgements 461

Keywords 461

References 462

Recommended Readings 463

Chapter 24 What Scenarios (Still) Aren’t Good for

Continuous Behaviour 465

Very Large Systems 466

Fragmentary Models 466

Episodic, Allusory 467

Domain-Specific? 467

Which Representation? 467

Open-Ended 468

Tacit Knowledge 468

Non-Functional Requirements (NFRs) 468

Summary 468

References 469

Chapter 25 The Future of Scenarios

Introduction: Horses for Courses 471

Towards a Framework 471

Representation 471

Process 472

Domain Knowledge 473

COTS 473

Dissemination 473

Summary 474

References 474

Appendix 1 Scenario-based System Development Templates 475

Appendix 2 Exercises 499

Appendix 3 Answers to Exercises 501
Glossary 507
Index 513

Ian F Alexander is an independent consultant researches with Daimler Chrysler (in Ulm, Germany) he also writes, teaches, and consults on requirements, especially scenarios.. He is on the committee of the BCS Requirements Engineering Specialist Group and runs the Requirements chapter of the IEE Professional Network for Systems Engineers. He has written extensively on Requirements
Neil Maiden is a Reader and Head of the Centre for Human-Computer Interface Design, in City University’s School of Informatics, London UK. He is co-founder and treasurer of the British Computer Society Requirements Engineering Specialist Group.