Odours have become a priority concern for facility operators,
engineers and urban planners who deal with waste and industrial
treatment plants. The subjectivity of smell perception, its
variability due to frequency and weather conditions, and the
complex nature of the substances involved, has long hampered the
regulation of odour emissions.
This book provides a comprehensive framework for the assessment,
measurement and monitoring of odour emissions, and
covers:
* Odour characterization and exposure effects
* Instruments and methods for sampling and measurement
* Strategies for odour control
* Dispersion modelling for odour exposure assessment
* Odour regulations and policies
* Procedures for odour impact assessment
* Case studies: Wastewater treatment, composting, industrial and
CAFO plants, and landfill
Intended for researchers in environmental chemistry,
environmental engineering, and civil engineering, this book is also
an invaluable guide for industry professionals working in
wastewater treatment, environmental and air analysis, and waste
management.
Table of Content
List of Contributors xi
Preface xiii
Glossary and Abbreviations xv
1 Introduction 1
V. Naddeo, V. Belgiorno and T. Zarra
1.1 Origin and Definition 1
1.2 Quantifying Odour 2
1.3 Effects of Odour 3
1.4 Odour Impact Assessment Approaches 4
References 4
2 Odour Characterization and Exposure Effects 7
V. Naddeo, V. Belgiorno and T. Zarra
2.1 Attribute Descriptors 7
2.2 Chemistry and Odours 16
2.3 Odorous Compounds, Thresholds and Sources 19
2.4 Public Health Relevance of Odour Exposure 22
2.5 Odour Annoyance and Nuisance 24
References 28
3 Instruments and Methods for Odour Sampling and Measurement31
Sections 3.1-3.4 31
T. Zarra, V. Naddeo and V. Belgiorno
3.1 Introduction 31
3.2 Sampling Techniques 32
3.3 Measurement of Odorous Substances 36
3.4 Determination of Odour Concentration by Dynamic Olfactometry40
3.5 Determination of Odour Concentration by the Triangular Odour Bag Method 43
T. Higuchi
3.6 Estimation of Emission Rate 50
T. Zarra, V. Naddeo and V. Belgiorno
3.7 Measurement of Odour Exposure by Field Assessment 59
T. Zarra, V. Naddeo and V. Belgiorno
3.8 Measurement of Odour by Sensor Arrays 63
N. Dutta and M. Bhuyan
4 Strategies for Odour Control 85
J. M. Estrada, R. Lebrero, G. Quijano, N. J. R. Kraakman, R. Muñoz
4.1 Introduction 85
4.2 Control of Odour Dispersion 87
4.3 Control of Odour Effects on an Exposed Community 90
4.4 Control of Odour Emission 92
References 119
5 Dispersion Modelling for Odour Exposure Assessment125
M. Piringer and G. Schauberger
5.1 Introduction 125
5.2 Odour Perception 126
5.3 Overview on Types of Odour Dispersion Model 132
5.4 Algorithms to Estimate Short-Term Odour Concentrations135
5.5 Annoyance 143
5.6 Odour Impact Criteria for Use in Dispersion Modelling145
5.7 Meteorological Input to Odour Dispersion Models 152
5.8 Evaluation of Odour Dispersion Models 165
References 168
6 Odour Regulation and Policies 175
S. Sironi, L. Capelli, L. Dentoni and R. Del Rosso
6.1 Introduction 175
6.2 Regulation Based on Air Quality Standards and Limit Values177
6.3 Regulation Based on Direct Exposure Assessment 178
6.4 Regulation Based on ‘No Annoyance’ 180
6.5 Regulation Based on Application of Best Practice 181
6.6 Comparison of Different Regulatory Approaches 183
References 183
7 Procedures for Odour Impact Assessment 187
V. Naddeo, V. Belgiorno and T. Zarra
7.1 Introduction 187
7.2 Factors Contributing to Odour Impact 187
7.3 Odour Impact Assessment from Exposure Measurement 190
7.4 Odour Impact Assessment from Sources 193
7.5 Mitigation of Odour Impact 197
7.6 Odour Monitoring 201
References 203
8 Case Studies for Assessment, Control and Prediction of Odour Impact 205
8.1 Urban Wastewater Treatment Plant 205
J. Lehtinen
References 218
8.2 Composting Plant 219
S. Giuliani, T. Zarra, M. Reiser, V. Naddeo, M. Kranert, V.Belgiorno
References 228
8.3 Landfill of Solid Waste 230
A.C. Romain and J. Nicolas
References 248
8.4 Industrial Activities 249
I. Sówka
References 257
8.5 Concentrated Animal Feeding Operation (CAFO) Plants259
K. Y. Wang
References 268
8.6 Assessment, Control and Management of Odour in Sensitive Areas 269
N. Kalogerakis and M. Lazaridis
References 282
Index 285
About the author
Editors
Vincenzo Belgiorno, Vincenzo Naddeo & Tiziano Zarra
Sanitary Environmental Engineering Division (SEED), Department of Civil Engineering, University of Salerno, Italy
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