Alain Labrousse & Laurent Laniel 
World Geopolitics of Drugs, 1998/1999 [PDF ebook] 

The other report is published by the U. S. State Department and is more "committed, " but only as far as the national interest of the world’s only su- perpower is concerned. Therefore, the State Department report must be read while keeping in mind the state of U. S. relations with the countries concerned. This report is accompanied by the so-called "certification" process, whose ar- bitrary character has often been stressed. For instance, Iran, a country whose determination to fight the drug transit on its territory is well-known – more than 100 Iranian law enforcement agents die every year as a restult – was removed from the "blacklist" of "decertified countries" in the spring of 1999, precisely as it was inaugurating a policy of opening itself to external influ- ence, including that of the United States. In retrospect, this demonstrates that the U. S. government had decertified Iran in past years because it was viewed as an Islamic and terrorist country, not because of its supposed involvement in drug trafficking. Neither does the last State Department report explain why Haji Ayub Afridi, a major Pakistani drug baron, who had voluntarily surrendered to U. S. authorities, returned to Pakistan in 1999 after spending a mere three and a half years in a U. S. prison.