Fiona (IHE Institute for Water Education, Delft, The Netherlands) Zakaria 
Rethinking Faecal Sludge Management in Emergency Settings [PDF ebook] 
Decision Support Tools and Smart Technology Applications for Emergency Sanitation

The development of technology in the emergency sanitation sector has not been emphasised sufficiently considering that the management of human excreta is a basic requirement for every person. The lack of technology tailored to emergency situations complicates efforts to cater for sanitation needs in challenging humanitarian crisis. Concerns persists on the lack of faecal sludge management that considers the whole sanitation chain from containment until treatment. This study focused on the development of a smart emergency toilet termed the e SOS (emergency sanitation operation system) smart toilet to address the limitation in technical options. This toilet is based on the e SOS concept that takes into account the entire sanitation chain. This study also addresses the limited time for planning in emergencies by developing a decision support system (DSS) to help quick selection of optimal sanitation options. The aim was to enable users of the DSS to plan their emergency sanitation response within the shortest time possible. The study aims to contribute toward a better emergency sanitation response by application of technology advances.