The institutional endowment of a country determines government’s regulatory choices, the public policies, incentives, and the direction of economic activities in the country and the level of the economic efficiency. The authors use this conceptual framework introduced by New Institutional Economics to examine how institutional endowment in Turkey influence economic and political structure. In this context, most elements of institutional endowments in Turkey are common to all sectors and reforms, (namely, legislative and executive institutions, nature of the judicial system, bureaucratic structure). They also observe the political economy of the change in Turkey. For that reason, they observe similarities and differences in the contests among groups with divergent interests for the different policy changes and reforms processes. Thus, they introduce a crucial guide for scholars, researchers, and investors around the world about the political and economic structure in Turkey