Secular Lyric interrogates the distinctively individual ways that Poe, Whitman, and Dickinson transformed classical, romantic, and early modern forms of lyric expression to address the developing conditions of Western modernity, especially the heterogeneity of believers and beliefs in an increasingly secular society. Analyzing historically and formally how these poets inscribed the pressures of the modern crowd in the text of their poems, John Michael shows how the masses appear in these poets’ work as potential readers to be courted and resisted, often at the same time. Unlike their more conventional contemporaries, Poe, Whitman, and Dickinson resist advising, sermonizing or consoling their audiences. They resist most familiar senses of meaning as well. For them, the processes of signification in print rather than the communication of truths become central to poetry, which in turn becomes a characteristic of modern verse in the Western world. Poe, Whitman, and Dickinson, in idiosyncratic but related ways, each disrupt conventional expectations while foregrounding language’s material density, thereby revealing both the potential and the limitations of art in the modern age.
قائمة المحتويات
Introduction. The Secularization of the Lyric: The End of Art, a Revolution in Poetic Language, and the Meaning of the Modern Crowd
Part I: Edgar Allan Poe
1. Poe’s Post-Humanism
2. Poe and the Origins of Modern Poetry: Tropes of Comparison and the Knowledge of Loss
Part II: Walt Whitman
3. Whitman’s Poetics: Metonymy and the Crowd
4. Whitman and Democracy: The “Withness of the World, ” the Reader, and the Fakes of Death
Part III: Emily Dickinson
5. Emily Dickinson: The Poet as Lyric Reader
6. Dickinson’s Dog and the Conclusion
Acknowledgments
Notes
Index
عن المؤلف
John Michael is Professor of English and of Visual and Cultural Studies at the University of Rochester where he is also Director of American Studies.
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